Logo
Login     Register     Shibboleth      Mobile      Cart


A division of Canadian Science Publishing
a not-for-profit publisher

Advanced Search

Article

« Previous TOC Next »

Presence of triploid cytotypes in the common fig (Ficus carica L.)

E. Falistoccoa

aDipartimento di Biologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

Corresponding author

Corresponding editor: Graham Scoles

Published on the web 21 October 2009.

Received April 29, 2009. Accepted August 26, 2009.

Genome, 2009, 52(11): 919-925, https://doi.org/10.1139/G09-068

Abstract

Ficus carica (2n = 26) is one of the oldest fruit trees of the Mediterranean basin. Recently there has been increasing interest in this species, in particular for questions related to germplasm such as genetic diversity and cultivar identification. This study was undertaken to gain more knowledge of F. carica cytogenetics and provide data useful for the characterization of its germplasm. Karyomorphological analysis and physical mapping of 18S–25S and 5S rRNA genes by the FISH technique contributed to defining the basic traits of the chromosome complement of F. carica. However, the most interesting result was the discovery of triploid (2n = 39) cytotypes of the cultivated common fig. This result demonstrates the importance of cytogenetic investigations in studies of fig germplasm and emphasizes the role of cross-fertilization as a source of variability not only in wild populations but also in cultivated forms. The results of pollen analysis suggest spontaneous sexual polyploidization as a possible origin of triploid cytotypes. Further studies are necessary to clarify the origin and effective spreading of polyploidy, the presence of other ploidy levels, and their distribution in wild and cultivated forms.

Keywords: Ficus carica, fluorescence in situ hybridization, rRNA genes, triploidy, 2n gametes

References

  • Anamthawat-Jónsson K, Thórsson AT. 2003. Natural hybridization in birch: triploid hybrids between Betula nana and B. pubescens. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 75(2): 99-107 Crossref, ISI.
  • Becerra Lopez-Lavalle LA, Orjeda G. 2002. Occurrence and cytological mechanism of 2n pollen formation in a tetraploid accession of Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato). J. Hered. 93(3): 185-192 Crossref, Medline.
  • Beck NG, Lord EM. 1988. Breeding system in Ficus carica, the common fig. II. Pollination events. Am. J. Bot. 75(12): 1913-1922 Crossref, ISI.
  • Besnard G, Khadari B, Baradat P, Bervillé A. 2002. Olea europaea (Oleaceae) phylogeography based on chloroplast DNA polymorphism. Theor. Appl. Genet. 104(8): 1353-1361 Crossref, Medline, ISI.
  • Bretagnolle F. 2001. Pollen production and spontaneous polyploidization in diploid populations of Anthoxanthum alpinum. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 72(2): 241-247 Crossref, ISI.
  • Bretagnolle F, Thompson JD. 1995. Gametes with the somatic chromosome number: mechanisms of their formation and role in the evolution of autopolyploid plants. New Phytol. 129(1): 1-22 Crossref, ISI.
  • Brown, A.G. 1975. Apples. In Advances in fruit breeding. Edited by J. Janick and J.N. Moore. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, Ind. pp. 3-37.
  • Cabrita LF, Aksoy U, Hepsksoy S, Leitão JM. 2001. Suitability of isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers to assess genetic differences and relatedness among fig (Ficus carica L.) clones. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 87(4): 261-273 Crossref, ISI.
  • Dickson JH, Dickson C. 1996. Ancient and modern occurrence of common fig (Ficus carica L.) in the British Isles. Quat. Sci. Rev. 15(5–6): 623-633 Crossref, ISI.
  • Dzialuk A, Chybicki I, Welc M, Śliwińska E, Burczyk J. 2007. Presence of triploids among oak species. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 99(5): 959-964 Crossref, Medline, ISI.
  • Einsett J. 1952. Spontaneous polyploidy in cultivated apples. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 59: 291-302 .
  • Falistocco E. 2000. Physical mapping of rRNA genes in Medicago sativa and M. glomerata by fluorescent in situ hybridization. J. Hered. 91(3): 256-260 Crossref, Medline, ISI.
  • Gerlach WL, Bedbrook JR. 1979. Cloning and characterization of ribosomal RNA genes from wheat and barley. Nucleic Acids Res. 7(7): 1869-1885 Crossref, Medline, ISI.
  • Husband BC, Schemske DW. 1998. Cytotype distribution at a diploid–tetraploid contact zone in Chamerion (Epilobium) angustifolium (Onagraceae). Am. J. Bot. 85(12): 1688-1694 Crossref, ISI.
  • Khadari B, Lashermes P, Kjellberg F. 1995. RAPD fingerprints for identification and genetic characterization of fig (Ficus carica L.) genotypes. J. Genet. Breed. 49: 77-86 .
  • Khadari B, Grout C, Santoni S, Kjellberg F. 2005. Contrasted genetic diversity and differentiation among Mediterranean populations of Ficus carica L.: a study using mtDNA RFLP. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 52(1): 97-109 Crossref, ISI.
  • Leitch, A.R., Schwarzacher, T., Jackson, D., and Leitch, I.J. 1994. In situ hybridization: a practical guide. Edited by S. Bradbury. BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, Oxford.
  • Lord RM, Richards AJ. 1977. A hybrid swarm between the diploid Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó and the tetraploid D. purpurella (T. & T.A. Steph) Soó in Durham. Watsonia 11: 205-210 .
  • Marussich WA, Machado CA. 2007. Host-specificity and coevolution among pollinating and nonpollinating New World fig wasps. Mol. Ecol. 16(9): 1925-1946 Crossref, Medline, ISI.
  • Müntzing A. 1937. The effects of chromosomal variation in Dactylis. Hereditas 23: 113-235 ISI.
  • Nsabimana A, van Staden J. 2006. Ploidy investigation of bananas (Musa spp.) from the National Banana Germplasm Collection at Rubona-Rwanda by flow cytometry. S. Afr. J. Bot. 72(2): 302-305 Crossref, ISI.
  • Oginuma K, Tobe H. 1995. Karyomorphology of some Moraceae and Cecropiaceae (Urticales). J. Plant Res. 108(3): 313-326 Crossref, ISI.
  • Orjeda G, Freyre R, Iwanga M. 1990. Production of 2n pollen in diploid Ipomoea trifida, a putative wild ancestor of sweet potato. J. Hered. 81: 462-467 ISI.
  • Papadopoulou K, Ehaliotis C, Tourna M, Kastanis P, Karydis I, Zervakis G. 2002. Genetic relatedness among dioecious Ficus carica L. cultivars by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, and evaluation of agronomic and morphological characters. Genetica 114(2): 183-194 Crossref, Medline, ISI.
  • Raboin LM, Carreel F, Noyer JL, Baurens FC, Horry JP, Bakry F, et al.. 2005. Diploid ancestors of triploid export banana cultivars: molecular identification of 2n restitution gamete donors and n gamete donors. Mol. Breed. 16(4): 333-341 Crossref, ISI.
  • Ramanna MS. 1974. The origin of unreduced microspores due to aberrant cytokinesis in the meiocytes of potato and its genetic significance. Euphytica 23(1): 20-30 Crossref, ISI.
  • Ramanna MS. 1983. First division restitution gametes through fertile desynaptic mutants of potato. Euphytica 32(2): 337-350 Crossref, ISI.
  • Rhoades MM. 1936. Note on the origin of triploidy in maize. J. Genet. 33(3): 355-357 Crossref, ISI.
  • Sala CA, Camadro EL, Salaberry MT, Mendiburu AO. 1989. Cytological mechanism of 2n pollen formation and unilateral sexual polyploidization in Lolium. Euphytica 43(1–2): 1-6 Crossref, ISI.
  • Salhi-Hannachi A, Khaled C, Mars M, Marrakchi M, Trifi M. 2005. Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in two Tunisian collections of fig cultivars based on random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter simple sequence repeats fingerprints. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 52(5): 563-573 Crossref.
  • Schmidt T, Schwarzacher T, Heslop-Harrison JS. 1994. Physical mapping of rRNA genes by fluorescent in-situ hybridization and structural analysis of 5S rRNA genes and intergenic spacer sequences in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Theor. Appl. Genet. 88(6-7): 629-636 Crossref, ISI.
  • Storey, W.B. 1975. Figs. In Advances in fruit breeding. Edited by J. Janick and J.N. Moore. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, Ind. pp. 568–589.
  • Storey, W.B. 1976. Fig Ficus carica (Moraceae). In Evolution of crop plants. Edited by N.W. Simmonds. Longman, London. pp. 205–208.
  • Valdeyron G, Lloyd DG. 1979. Sex differences and flowering phenology in the common fig, Ficus carica L. Evolution 33(2): 673-685 Crossref, ISI.
  • Veilleux R. 1985. Diploid and polyploid gametes in crop plants: Mechanisms of formation and utilization in plant breeding. Plant Breed. Rev. 3: 352-388 .
  • Zohary, D., and Hopf, M. 2000. Domestication of plants in the world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Zohary D, Nur U. 1959. Natural triploids in the orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata L., polyploid complex and their significance for gene flow from diploid to tetraploid levels. Evolution 13(3): 311-317 Crossref, ISI.
  • Zohary D, Spiegel-Roy P. 1975. Beginnings of fruit growing in the Old World. Science 187(4174): 319-327 Crossref, Medline, ISI.

Cited by

View all 2 citing articles

no access
Cytogenetic characterization by in situ hybridization techniques and molecular analysis of 5S rRNA genes of the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana)

E. Falistocco, G. Marconi

» Abstract

Genome, 2013, 56(3): 155-159, https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0045

Connect With UsSign up for E-AlertsAlertsRead our BlogCSP BlogFacebookTwitterYouTubeFlickrLinked InRSS