Finnish botanists and mycologists in the Arctic 1

Finnish botanists and mycologists have studied Arctic areas and timberline regions since the beginning of the 18th century. Most expeditions to the Kola Peninsula were made between 1800 and 1917 and until 1945 to Lapponia petsamoënsis on the western rim of the Kola Peninsula. Since those years, these areas have been part of the Soviet Union or Russia. Svalbard and Newfoundland and Labrador have been studied repeatedly as well, Svalbard since the 1860s and Newfoundland and Labrador since the 1930s. This article focuses on Finnish collections. These are deposited in the herbaria of Helsinki, Turku, and Oulu universities, except materials from the Nordenskiöld expeditions, which were mainly deposited in Stockholm. Concerning the Kola Peninsula, collections at Helsinki are the most extensive. The exact number of specimens is not known, but by rough estimation, the number is about 60 000, with an additional 110 000 observations included in the database. These expeditions have provided material to describe 305 new taxa to science, viz. 47 algae, 78 bryophytes, 25 fungi, 136 lichens, and 19 vascular plants. This number is an underestimate, as many new species have been described in several separate taxonomic articles. At least 63 persons have contributed to making these collections to Finnish herbaria. Of those, 52 are of Finnish nationality.


Introduction
It is important to gather distribution data of biodiversity in the Arctic including metadata on infomation holdings, particularly as the Arctic is experiencing the effects of global warming at a much higher rate than other regions.For example, the Arctic Flora Inventory is a project that will develop a database containing information on the diversity and distribution of vascular plants in the Arctic.Circumpolar cooperation is essential to achieve this goal.As a member of the Arctic Flora Inventory, I present a review on historical information on Finnish botanical and mycological activities in the Arctic regions.Most of these expeditions aimed to provide museum specimens for taxonomical studies and species information.Arctic biodiversity was poorly known until the late 19th century and still is poorly known today for fungi and lichens.The Pan-arctic flora has brought a concensus concerning vascular plant taxonomy, but distribution information is still incomplete.In general, exploration of the Arctic begun simultaneously during the 19th century.Finnish scientists especially pioneered exploration of the Kola Peninsula and Svalbard.Other countries with rich Arctic biological material in museums are Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.
Biogeographically, Finland belongs to Fennoscandia.The country is located between 59°48′N and 70°05′N, mainly on the boreal coniferous zone.In the north, there are oroarctic extensions of Arctic tundra (Virtanen et al. 2015).The floristic composition of that area is essentially more similar to the Arctic than to the Alps (Väre et al. 2003).Due to close affinities of Arctic flora, there has been a longlasting interest by Finnish biologists in the Arctic regions, especially the Kola Peninsula.Expeditions have been carried out since the early 1800s.
Most old Finnish herbarium material was burned in the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, then the academic capital of Finland.After the disaster, the University was moved to Helsinki in 1828, the new capital of Finland since 1812.Natural historical collections were reestablished here (H).In addition, new herbaria were establised in 1918 in Turku (TUR-A today), in 1919 (TUR and TUR-V), and in 1960 in Oulu (OULU).These all contain significant specimens from the Arctic.
This review is based on two exellent bibliographies on Finnish botanical and mycological literature (Saelan 1916;Collander et al. 1973), material deposited in Finnish museums, and inquiries to colleagues working at Finnish botanical museums and herbaria.Material that was collected by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's expeditions are mainly kept at Stockholm (S), but some specimens are also at H. In the floristic database Kastikka of the Botanical Museum (University of Helsinki, Finnish Museum of Natural History), there are thousands of records on species, both observations made and specimens collected in the Kola Penisula.The most notable records are given.Abbreviations of herbaria follow Index Herbariorum (https:// www.google.fi/#q=index+herbariorum).
Anders Johan Malmgren (1834Malmgren ( -1897) ) participated in three Svalbard expeditions.The 1861 expedition was lead by Swedish Otto Torell and Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld who lead the 1864 and 1868 expeditions.
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832Nordenskiöld ( -1901) ) was born in Grand Duchy of Finland, Russia.Due to political reasons, he was ordered into exile in 1858 by Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg, governor-general of Finland, and lived since that time in Sweden.Nordenskiöld acted as a Professor of the Royal Swedish Academy and keeper of mineralogical collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm.His well-known activities in the Arctic began in Sweden and expeditions were mainly founded by Swedish aristrocrats and merchants, especially by Oscar Dickson (Nordenskiöld 1877b).Nordenskiöld often recruited Finnish biologists like A.J. Malmgren, J.A. Palmén, and M. Brenner.In 1861, Malmgren was responsible for botany and zoology on these expeditions.Their ships the Aeolus and the Magdalena left Tromsö for Bear Island and continued on to Svalbard, north along the western coast and then back along the eastern coast.The itinerary (Chydenius 1865) lists 53 vascular plants, of which medicinally important Cochlearia [groenlandica] is mentioned five times.Lithographic landscape pictures from the expedition are enchanting.A.E. Nordenskiöld (see later) participated also in this expedition.On the northern coast of Spitsbergen, Malmgren found 60 vascular plants, 20 new to the area, together with 150 lichens, 50-60 bryophytes, and 30 algae (Malmgren 1863).Specimens collected by Malmgren are kept both at H and probably also at S. Malmgren (1862) compiled a list of all vascular plant species (93) of Svalbard known up to this point.That article was also published in English, including a comparison of species composition between the islands of Svalbard (Malmgren 1864).Malmgren also compiled a history of botanical studies on the islands.First observations were made by Friderich Marten (Spitzbergische Reisebeschreibung) in 1675 and the next ones by Daniel Solander, Robert Brown, and Christian Sommerfelt.Malmgren omitted A.R. Martin in his account of exploration of the islands of Svalbard.
Malmgren was also the botanist and zoologist on another expedition in 1864.Only two plants are mentioned this time, Cochlearia [groenlandica] from Bear Island and the very rare Polemonium pulchellum [boreale] from Svalbard, the latter with blue and white flowering individuals (Dunér and Nordenskiöld 1867).
Based on all material, Malmgren (1865) concluded that eastern Svalbard is floristically more closely related to North America and the western part to northern Scandinavia.He also presented all scientific results of the 1861 and 1864 expeditions (Malmgren 1867).
In 1868 Malmgren, Ernst Gustaf Reinhold Nauckhoff (1847-1919) and A.E. Nordenskiöld collected rich Miocene fossil material at Bellsund and Kingsbay.These were studied by Prof. Oswald Heer (1809-1883) in Zürich and published by him in 1869 in "Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelies, Genève".The total number of named vascular plants was 131, of which eight were cryptogams.Heer honored the explorers by naming the genus Nordenskioldia and the species Sequoia nordenskioldii, Potamogeton nordenskioldii, and Tilia malmgrenii.These fossil discoveries had biogeographic connections to Chile, Europe, and North America.Ten new living vascular plant species were also found, bringing the new total number for Svalbard to 110 (Malmgren 1870).Today, that number is 184.On Bear Island alone, 33 vascular plants were discovred.
Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld led several expeditions to the Arctic, the most famous being the discovery of the Northeast Passage in 1878-1879 aboard the steamship Vega.He participated on Svalbard expeditions in 1858 led by Sven Lovén and in 1861 led by Otto Torell.Nordenskiöld led the 1864Nordenskiöld led the , 1868Nordenskiöld led the , 1871Nordenskiöld led the , and 1872Nordenskiöld led the -1873 Svalbard expeditions, the 1870 and 1882-1883 expeditions to Greenland, the 1875 and 1876 expeditions to Arctic European Russia, and, in 1878-1879, the Vega expedition along the northern coast of Eurasia.This was the first complete crossing of the Northeast Passage.Svalbard provided many Triassic and Tertiary fossils.Jurassic and carboniferous plant fossils were also found (Nordenskiöld 1863(Nordenskiöld , 1866(Nordenskiöld , 1877a)).Most collections by Nordenskiöld are deposited at S.
The expedition collected plants at Dicksonbay, Sydkap, Kolbay, Fairhaven, Foulbay, Mosselbay, and Gilesland.The first flowering plants collected at Mosselbay on 14 June 1873 were Cardamine bellidifolia, Papaver nudicaule, and S. oppositifolia.The flora of Svalbard consisted now of 115 species, of which A.J. Malmberg had listed the most.One novelty, Pedicularis lanata var.dasyantha [P.dasyantha], was found during this time.
The Finnish-Swedish activity period led by Nordenskiöld was followed by 90 inactive years concerning Finnish botanists in the North Atlantic region.Emphasis was placed first on an exploration of the Kola Peninsula and then to Newfoundland and Labrador.
Several other Finns have visited Svalbard and collected plants, which are deposited at H, TUR, and OULU.Mikko and Pirkko Piirainen (Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum) participated in a floristic mapping expedition in 2002, where they studied plants of the planned Colesdalen conservation area 20 km southwest of Longyearbyen.M. Piirainen collected in Svalbard also in 2010 (Fig. 1).In total, 142 vasculars plants were collected deposited at H but their current state of condition is not known.(Lindberg 1861).New material was collected in 1861 and in 1864 by Malmgren, bringing the known number of bryophytes in Svalbard to 143.Eleven species, one subspecies, and 10 varierties were described as new to science (Lindberg 1867).Later, especially Seppo Eurola and Risto Virtanen (both OULU) collected bryophytes.Arctic Science Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by HELSINKI UNIV on 01/30/18 For personal use only.

The Kola Peninsula
The Kola Peninsula was of special interest to Finnish botanists for a century.It was one of the least unexplored areas in Europe, almost inaccessible.In 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an autonomous Grand Duchy and remained as such until 1917 when Finland declared its independence.During this era, it was possible to arrange expeditions to the Kola Peninsula.Geologically and floristically, the area was similar to Finland, and exploring the area was considered a national duty to Finnish biologists.The Kola Peninsula was divided into biogeographical regions (Fig. 2).Only the northern coastal area belongs to the Arctic vegetation zone with four regions: Lapponia petsamoënsis (Lps), Lapponia tulomensis (Lt), Lapponia murmanica (Lm), and Lapponia ponojensis (Lp).Almost 40 Finnish scientists travelled to the Kola Peninsula collecting significant amounts of herbarium specimens.The specimens are mostly in H, but duplicates were distributed widely.
A narrow connection through Lps, the Pechenga (Petsamo) region to the Rybachy Peninsula (Kalastajasaarento in Finnish) near the Arctic Ocean, remained accessible until 1945, when the Soviet Union invaded the area.Studies of that plantgeographical region continue to be active.

Pechenga and Rybachy Peninsula
In 1820, amateur botanist Jacob Fellman (1793-1875), a priest in northernmost Finland at Utsjoki in 1820-1831, was the first Finn to visit Lps and Lt, the Rybachy Peninsula, and the Ainov Islands (Heinäsaaret) west of the peninsula (Väre 2011).At Rybachy, he collected the extremely rare Chamorchis alpina (Blinova and Uotila 2011).In 1826, Fellman visited Pechenga, 20 km from the Arctic coast near the southern end of the Pechenga Bay.His collections are deposited at H (Väre 2011).
In July 1856, Anders Edwin Nylander (1831-1890) travelled together with Johan Magnus Gadd (1832-1891) from Inari along the Paatsjoki River to Pechenga and continued to Vayda-Guba (Vaitolahti) at the Rybachy Peninsula (all Lps).There they stayed for a few weeks and made excursions along the coast of the peninsula and to the Ainov Islands.The excursion was mainly zoological, but specimens of vascular plants and lichens were also collected (Nylander 1857).
Kaarlo Linkola (1888-1942) collected in 1925.He was the leader of the so-called Pechanga project, which performed field studies from 1927 to 1937.The project aimed to study plant biology and to describe vegetation associations in Lps.In the floristic database Kastikka, there are 107 specimen records by him.The project resulted in three dissertations.Aarno Kalela's (1908Kalela's ( -1977) ) title was "About meadows and meadow-like plant communities on the Rybachy Peninsula in Pechenga Lapland" (Kalela 1940).The number of the floristic observations made by him in Kastikka was in total 18 145.Niilo Söyrinki's (1907Söyrinki's ( -1991) ) title was "Studies on the generative and vegetative propagation of seed plants in the alpine vegetation at Pechenga Lapland" (Söyrinki 1938(Söyrinki , 1939)), with 1156 collected specimens according to Kastikka.Tahvo Kontuniemi (1904Kontuniemi ( -1980) ) studied the seed development of forest plants at the Pechenga subalpine belt (Kontuniemi 1932), and he collected 385 specimens according to Kastikka.Reino Kalliola (1909Kalliola ( -1980) ) performed studies at Pechenga Mountains and resulted in 629 records to Kastikka.This project produced a considerable number of specimens and observations at Lps (Table 1).
Nylander discovered several vascular plant taxa new to the Kola Peninsula (Ruprecht 1845;Hiitonen 1958) in addition to those he described as new to science, e.g., Aster ircutianus    Hiitonen 1958).Altogether, Nylander reported 45 new species to the Fennoscandian biogeographic area and he described 10 new vascular plant taxa collected in the Arctic (Väre 2008).
Kairamo's main botanical publication is "Pflanzenbiologische Studien aus Russisch-Lappland" (Kihlman 1890).It presents the biology of several vascular plants but focuses on the formation of the forest line, which proved to be farther north than anticipated.The main conclusion was that the line is a result of strong drying winds during spring when the ground is still frozen.Evaporation begins but water cannot be taken up by roots, which results in drying of shoots.This factor is the basis for the Arctic and boreal border.Kairamo was also interested in pollination biology.At the Arctic zone, the proportion of wind-pollinated plants increased to 30% and the proportion of self-pollinating species was also found to be elevated (Kihlman 1888).
In 1872, bryologist Viktor Ferdinand Brotherus (1849-1929) (Fig. 2) received a grant from the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica to study Russian Lapland.In the same summer, he travelled with his young schoolboy brother Arvid Hjalmar Brotherus (1855-1888) along the eastern and northern coasts of the Kola Peninsula (Brotherus 1873) collecting bryophytes and vascular plants.In April 1885, he donated to H "352 well prepared vascular plant specimens from Russian Lapland, e.g., Eritrichium villosum, new to the herbarium" (Uotila 2013).
In 1885, V.F.Brotherus again did bryological collecting in the Kola Peninsula.For the third time, Brotherus studied the area as a participant of the Great Kola Expedition in 1887 (see Kairamo).In his travelogue, Brotherus (1888a, 1888b) lists his collection localities and "best" vascular plants discovered.As new to the Kola Peninsula, Brotherus found Petasites laevigatus and Rumex acetosella subsp.graminifolius (Hiitonen 1958).
Alvar Fredrik von Fieandt (1885-1948) obtained a grant to study the geology of the Rybachy Peninsula and Kildin Island (von Fieandt 1912) north of the Kola Peninsula.The grant also covered the expenses of Fredrik Woldemar Klingstedt (1881Klingstedt ( -1964) ) as an assistant to study the flora of the area.Klingstedt collected plants and lichens at Lps and Lt, e.g., Kildin Island.He also published short notes on Salix hybrids (Klingstedt 1912(Klingstedt , 1919)).Floristic records (in total 469 from Lps and 444 from Lt) from his three field notebooks, preserved in the botanical archives at H, have been entered into the floristic database Kastikka (Uotila 2013).Recently, expeditions to the Kola Peninsula have been organised again.Alexander Sennikov collected vascular plants (H) in 2015, e.g., at Ponoy and in Tri Ostrov Islands off Ponoy (Fig. 1).
In total, the floristic database Kastikka contains 48 871 records from the northern biogeographical provinces of the Kola Peninsula (Fig. 3; Table 1).The figures indicate numbers of herbarium sheets (including duplicates) (SPE) and observations (OBS) as of 18 August 2016.Recently, 3600 herbarium specimens have been databased, but not yet added to Kastikka.identified microalgae collected by Kairamo and Frans Johan [John] Herman Lindén (1867-1914) from lakes at the Kola Penninsula.He also reviewed earlier algological studies.The number of species in the Kola Peninsula was 140.Levander (1916) examined also microalgae collected by Oscar Nordqvist (1858-1925) at the White Sea in 1886.Kairamo made an excursion to the Arkhangelsk Governorate in 1891 collecting at 76 localities.Oscar Fredrik Borge (1862Borge ( -1938) ) determined 49 genera and 286 taxa of microalgae (Borge 1894).Four species and eight varietes were described as new to science.Many were collected close to the Arctic Ocean.Häyrén collected algae in the 1920s (39 specimens).
In 1872, V.F.Brotherus explored Russian Lapland.Material collected, including 354 Bryaceae, 138 Hepaticeae, and 81 Sphagnum, was donated by him to H in 1886 (Uotila 2013).A second expedition to the Kola Peninsula took place in 1885 and Brotherus was awarded a grant for a bryological expedition.Together with the entomologist Klas Kristian Edgrén , he travelled first to Kandalaksha in June 1885.They studied the Chuna tundra for 8 days and the Khibiny Mts. for 5 days.The latter half of July was used for excursions to the Arctic coast of Lapponia tulomensis (Lt), to the Kildin Island, and to the eastern part of the Rybachy Peninsula (Brotherus 1886).Next spring, Brotherus donated to the herbarium 573 bryophyte specimens collected during the excursion (Uotila 2013).For the third time, Brotherus studied the Kola Peninsula as a participant in the Great Kola Expedition in 1887 (see Kairamo).In his travelogue Brotherus (1888aBrotherus ( , 1888b) lists his collection localities and "best" vascular plants discovered.In the review "Musci Lapponiae Kolaensis", 74 bryophytes are mentioned (Brotherus andSaelan 1890a, 1890b).
The number of fungi collected by N.I.Fellman in the Kola Peninsula in 1861 totalled 425.Two genera and four species were described as new to science (Karsten 1866).
A large set of lichens collected by N.I.Fellman (Urbanavichus et al. 2008) were distributed in "Lichenes arctici exsiccatae".It consists of 221 numbers (Fellman 1865).Specimens were determined by William Nylander.This material was the basis for his East Fennoscandian lichen flora.Amongst the 291 species of lichens, Nylander described 34 that were new to science (Nylander 1866).
Teuvo Ahti collected lichens especially at the Arctic Murmansk coast.This material is at H.

Arctic Siberia
Michael Friedrich Adams (1780-1829/1832) explored Siberia from 1806 to 1807.In 1806, while in Yakutsk, he heard of an intact woolly mammoth carcass near the mouth of the Lena River.There he collected also plants.Franz Josef Ruprecht (1814Ruprecht ( -1870) ) collected in 1841 at Indigskaya Guba and Kolguyev Island, Kanin Peninsula.Some specimens of those expeditions are deposited at H.
A.E. Nordenskiöld explored Novaya Zemlya and Yenisei in 1875.Plants found on the upper course of the river Yenisey were listed (Nordenskiöld 1877a).At the Yamal Peninsula, 55 species of vascular plants were found.Algae were treated by Kjellman (1877).
The itinerary of the 1876 expedition to the river Yenisey includes only few plant records (Nordenskiöld and Theel 1877).One participant was the Finnish amateur botanist Arctic Science Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by HELSINKI UNIV on 01/30/18 For personal use only.
Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (1879Cajander ( -1943) ) travelled with entomologist Robert Bertil Poppius (1894-1916) to the Lena River, Yakutia (Sakha Republic), in 1901, reaching the village of Tiksi near the river delta by boat.Cajander's main interest was to study the succession of vegetation along the meandering rivers, from virgin sandy terrain to meadows to primeval forests (Cajander 1903).His dissertation includes many tables of plants.In two tables, Cajander lists approximately 75 vascular plants from the Arctic zone.Along the Lena River, he collected specimens of 830 vascular plant species, altogether 2942 specimens mounted on approximately 4500 sheets (Hämet-Ahti 1970).Hämet-Ahti provides the route and list of collection localities.Carex cajanderi Kük.(=C.bonanzensis Britton) was published as new to science.Cajander's material is at H. Geologist W. Ramsay and entomologist R. Poppius explored the Kanin Peninsula in 1903.Poppius collected vascular plants (H) and many are mentioned from the Arctic tundra in their report (Ramsay and Poppius 1904).
Senior Curator Risto Virtanen participated in three expeditions to Arctic Russia with vessels along the Arctic coast from the Kola Peninsula to Wrangel Islands in 1988, 1992, and 1994.Collections are at OULU.
Prof. Bruce Forbes has 30 years of experience in circumpolar field work, encompassing studies of rapid land use and climate change in Alaska, the Canadian High Arctic, various regions of northern Russia, and northernmost Fennoscandia, but mostly in the Yamal Peninsula, Russia.He has published several studies on changes in the Arctic vegetation (e.g., Pajunen et al. 2010;Myers-Smith et al. 2011;Forbes 2015;Virtanen et al. 2015).Anu Pajunen defended her thesis on willow-characterised shrub vegetation in tundra and its relationship to abiotic and biotic factors (e.g., Pajunen 2009;Pajunen et al. 2008Pajunen et al. , 2010) ) at University of Oulu under the supervision of Risto Virtanen, Bruce Forbes, and Jari Oksanen.She collected vascular plants (OULU) at the Yamal Peninsula.

Bryophytes
Arnell collected bryophytes during the 1876 Yenisei expedition.Hepatic collections totalling 96 species with locality information were published by Lindberg and Arnell (1889a), with one new genus, four species, and three varieties as new to science.The number of bryophyte species was 410, of which 29 species and 19 varieties were new to science (Lindberg and Arnell 1889b).
V.F.Brotherus indentified bryophytes collected during the Russian Polar expedition from 1900 to 1902 along the Arctic Ocean at several localities.Nine hepatics, three Sphagnum, and 45 mosses were collected, six new to northern Asia and Bryum taimyrense new to science (Brotherus 1910).Bryophytes collected by Risto Virtanen on his three expeditions to Arctic Russia are at OULU. A. Pajunen has collected bryophytes (OULU) in the Yamal Peninsula.
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and Alpine Mycology Point Barrow, Alaska, in 1980.Bryophytes, fungi, and vascular plants collected are at OULU and TUR.Seppo Huhtinen (TUR) and Tuomo Niemelä (H) have collected fungi at Kluane Lake (Yukon) and Inuvik and Yellowknife (Northwest Territories).
Teuvo Ahti (H) has collected especially lichens in Alaska.Ahti (1964) reported 203 macrolichens and their zonal distribution in boreal and arctic Ontario, 343 taxa from the Great Slave Lake region in the forest-tundra border of the interior of the Northwest Territories of Canada (Thomson et al. 1969), 356 from the Reindeer Preserve in the northwestern part of continental Northwest Territories (Ahti et al. 1973), 622 species and 10 subspecies and varieties of lichens, plus six species of lichenicolous fungi from Alaska, the Yukon, British Columbia, and Alberta, mainly along the Alaska Highway and some of its sideroads (Thomson and Ahti 1994) and 364 from Noatak National Preserve, Alaska (McCune et al. 2009).Ahti has collected lichens also at the Mackenzie Mountains, Yukon Kluane National Park, at Ontario, southern coast of Hudson Bay and at the Aleutian Islands in 2011.Ahti has collected also bryophytes and vascular plants during these expeditions.Specimens are deposited at H. Epigeic lichen communities of taiga and tundra regions were reviewed circumpolarly by Ahti and Oksanen (1990).It is based on extensive literature reviews and on field work performed by Ahti.
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expedition took place in 1892.According to the University of Helsinki Botanical Museum's action reports, Kairamo, Brotherus, and Palmén had donated 3831 vascular plants (1997 duplicates), 3160 bryophytes (2244 duplicates), 1247 lichens (715 duplicates), algae, 55 cones, 76 seed examples, and 70 wood discs by 1899.The number of new species and subspecies to the area was 61, of which three were new to science(Kihlman 1891).
), e.g., Carex brennerii [C.umbrosa subsp.sabynensis].Brenner (1910) published his extensive records with collecting localities and phenological data much later.The first scientists at Yenisey were Germans Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685-1735) in the 1720s and Johann Georg Gmelin (1709-1755) in 1739.Nordenskiöld led the Vega expedition through the Arctic coast of Eurasia in 1878-1879.The Vega botanist was Kjellman.Botanical collections were made at several locations (Fig.4).At the delta of the river Yenisei, Kjellman found 77 vascular plants, at Beli Ostrow 17 vascular plants, 80 lichens, and 20 bryophytes, at the Yamal Peninsula 21 vascular plants, at the Taymyr Peninsula 34, at Cape Chelyuskin 23, and at the river Lena delta 65.Species were recorded also in the winter by the coast near the place where Vega was stuck on ice and forced to overwinter.In the spring, Kjellman recorded 94 vascular plants from the same location.First flowering was recorded for Cochlearia fenestrata on 23 June 1879.There are eight botanic illustrations of vascular palnts in the itinerary: ascomycetes, Draba alpina, Laminaria solidungula, Pleuropogon sabiniista, Rubus arcticus, Salix arctica, Sieversia glacialiksesta, and Thalassiophyllum clathrus(Nordenskiöld 1880(Nordenskiöld , 1881)).
studied endophytic root fungi in a number of plants collected in Svalbard.

Table 1 .
Number of species and observations of four northernmost biogeographical provinces in the Kola Peninsula databased in the floristic database Kastikka, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki.
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Table 2
(continued).Arctic Science Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by HELSINKI UNIV on 01/30/18For personal use only.Arctic Science Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by HELSINKI UNIV on 01/30/18 For personal use only.
Väre Published by NRC Research Press 547